This current study describes the factors that determinate the indigenous people dependence on the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Malinau, East Kalimentan. This one year study was started in 2008 and conducted in three sub districts: Malinau Utara, Malinau Selatan, and Mentarang respectively. The qualitative and quantitative data were collected using the standard methods in Ethnobotany. The study of NTFPs economic valuation implementing three methods: Direct-approach market price, indirect market price, and non-market estimation. The results of this study indicate that 350 species of NTFPs are recognised by the local communities. Based on the calculation of the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) and Peddle Distribution Method (PDM) 15 NTFPs species are selected and regarded important for the community livelihood. The results of transect analysis conducted on 1 hectare forest show that more than 320 plant species are renowned for food, building materials, firewood, medicine, handicraft, technological, toxic, colouring materials, and many other purposes. 8 NTFPs species are selected for their important economic potentiality that are eaglewood (Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria beccariana), sega rattan (Calamus caesius), illipe nuts (Shorea macrophylla, Shorea pinanga, Shorea beccariana, Shorea stenoptera), and ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri). Economically, NTFPs contributes more than 25% revenues of the total household income of local communities in surrounding forest. The dependence of local communities on NTFPs is strongly influenced by their socio-cultural, residential location, market demand, and needs. Therefore, effort in ensuring a fair share between commercial ventures and the local communities is essential.