… kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Management of symptomatic kidney stones …
leading to a reduction in patient morbidity, improved stone-free rates and better quality of life. …

… risk of passing a kidney stone of about 8-10%.1 Increased incidence of kidney stones in the
… Once a kidney stone forms, the probability that a second stone will form within five to seven …

… of all kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate 1 ; most calcium oxalate stones also
… Ten to 20 percent of stones contain struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) produced …

… a history of stone disease than were … kidney stones in multivariable models. The cross-sectional
survey design limits causal inference regarding potential risk factors for kidney stones…

… Although ESRD directly attributed to kidney stones is relatively modest, with an estimated
prevalence of 3.2% among patients who start maintenance hemodialysis ( 6 ), kidney …

… A specific diagnosis is possible for most patients with kidney stones, and a range of drugs
are … of kidney stone formation during long-term calcium citrate supplementation in non-stone-…

… Crystalline concretions have been identified in kidneys and … Nephrolithiasis is not a true
diagnosis because kidney stone … the underlying pathophysiology of kidney stone formation. …

… Kidney stones develop more frequently in individuals with a family history of kidney stones
than … In this report, the relation between family history and risk of kidney stone formation was …

… a kidney stone episode (such as age, prior kidney stone, and other comorbidity), the possibility
for residual confounding remains. Patients with stones … or new chronic kidney disease in …

… [6], and chronic kidney disease [7,8]. Vice versa, these conditions also are risk factors for
kidney stones. It is likely that shared risk factors contribute both to kidney stone formation and …