Longitudinal studies of bone sites in Africa and Canada indicate that both mass death sites and sites of serial predation share many significant characteristics, such as dense bone deposits, representation of multiple taxa, presence of different degrees of gnaw-damage and different weathering stages, and concise spatial areas containing the bones. Surface densities of bone range from 1 per 3m² in a mass death site to 1 per 125 m² in a site where serial predation accounted for all bones. The average number of bones per represented individual ranges from a low of about seven elements per animal, to a high of about 20, with no difference between mass death and cumulative death sites.