The widely successful use of synthetic herbicides over the past 70 years has imposed strong
and widespread selection pressure, leading to the evolution of herbicide resistance in
hundreds of weed species. Both target-site resistance (TSR) and nontarget-site resistance
(NTSR) mechanisms have evolved to most herbicide classes. TSR often involves mutations
in genes encoding the protein targets of herbicides, affecting the binding of the herbicide
either at or near catalytic domains or in regions affecting access to them. Most of these …