Sequential anaerobic and aerobic processes have been recommended to treat textile wastewater reliably. In this work, the focus was on finding an energetically more competitive system to remove tetra-azo dye Direct Black 22 (DB22). We operated two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors (R1 and R2) in three phases (PI, PII, and PIII). R1 was operated as a conventional UASB, while R2 was microaerated in the upper part (0.18 ± 0.05 mg O₂. L⁻¹), aiming to remove DB22 simultaneously with the aromatic amine byproducts. PI consisted of feeding reactors with synthetic textile wastewater (STW), PII had higher salinity in the STW, and PIII was the same as PII, plus sulfate. The results showed that color and COD removal efficiencies were similar for both reactors (67–72% for R1 and 59–78% for R2) without a substantial influence of oxygen in R2. However, microaeration played a crucial role in R2 by removing the anaerobically formed aromatic amines; during PIII, the effluent was 16 times less toxic than that of R1. The microbial community that developed in the sludge bed of both reactors was quite similar, with the core microbiome represented by Trichococcus, Syntrophus and Methanosaeta genera. The increase in salinity in PII and PIII promoted a shift in the microbial community, excluding salty-sensitive genera from the core microbiome. The putative genera Brevundimonas and Ornatilinea were associated to aromatic amine microaerobic removal. Therefore, there is a potential application of a compact microaerated anaerobic system for textile wastewater treatment.