Resilience of engineered systems is measured by the ability to anticipate, prepare for,
recover, learn, and improve from an external disturbance regime that comprises of a series
of chronic low-intensity and infrequent acute shocks, which disrupt functionality. Here, we
present a new systems-level model for coupled technological systems, which provide
functionality, and social systems in charge of management. Each system is characterized by
a single, aggregated, dynamic state variable, namely (1) critical service deficit, representing …