Abbreviations: CE–carboxylation efficiency; CEF–cyclic electron flow; Ci–internal CO2 concentration; ETR (I)–photosynthetic electron flow through PSI; ETR (II)–photosynthetic electron flow through PSII; Fd–ferredoxin; Fv/Fm–maximum quantum yield of PSII in the dark-adapted state; gs–stomatal conductance; LEF–linear electron flow; NPQ–nonphotochemical quenching; P680–chlorophyll a of PSII reaction centers; P680+–oxidized P680; P680*–excited P680; P700–chlorophyll a of PSI reaction centers; P700+–oxidized P700; P700*–excited P700; PC–plastocyanin; Pm–maximum photooxidizable P700; PN–net photosynthetic rate; PQ–plastoquinone; RISE–reduction-induced suppression of electron flow; Y (I)–effective photochemical quantum yield of PSI; Y (II)–effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII; Y (CEF)–effective quantum yield of CEF; Y (NA)–acceptor-side limitation of PSI; Y (ND)–donor-side limitation of PSI; Y (NO)–yield of regulated heat dissipation of PSII; Y (NPQ)–effective quantum yield of NPQ or regulated nonphotochemical quenching; ΔpH–proton gradient.

Acknowledgments: We thank Hans Lambers of the University of Western Australia, Australia for critical comments, corrections, and editing and Junjie Zhu of Guangxi University, China for the technical advice on Dual PAM-100 operations. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31861133008, 31470469), and by the postdoctoral fellowship from Guangxi University, China, granted to John Sunoj Valiaparambil Sebastian, and the Bagui Scholarship (C33600992001) granted to Kun-fang Cao.