Obesity is characterised by an increase of body fat mass stores. Adipose tissue produces a variety of adipokines, which exert local and systemic effects and regulate several tissues and organs. Even though adipose tissue exhibits a pronounced plasticity, the rapid expansion observed in obesity can cause a dysregulation in adipokine secretion. Thyroid dysfunctions are classified as secondary causes of obesity, and the effects of thyroid hormones on growth, thermogenesis and metabolism have been clearly elucidated. A link between thyroid and obesity has been identified, showing that thyroid dysfunction can cause metabolic alterations and obesity. On the other hand, only recently a lively interest in exploring the possible effects of adipokines on thyroid axis has started. Adipokines have been identified as possible causative or protective factors in the development of thyroid dysfunction in humans. Clinical studies report controversial results. Aim of this chapter is to present and explore available data on adipokines and thyroid dysfunction. This chapter focuses on leptin, adiponectin, resistin, vaspin and visfatin concentrations in the presence of thyroiditis, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in humans.