3. Suppose now that we take any finger print, and experiment with the general conformation
given by its ridges. Let us trace out near the innermost part one ridge completely, and label it
as ridge" 1". Let us fix a point inside it as centre, and some position for a fixed axis. Let us, as
in the case of concentric circles, rotate an axis, and as we pass a characteristic, write the
ridge number of the ridge on which it falls, together with a sub-number according to the
above schedule for the nature of the characteristics, of which we have shown ten posible …

Fingerprint evidence is routinely used by forensics and law enforcement agencies
worldwide to apprehend and convict criminals, a practice in use for over 100 years. The use
of fingerprints has been accepted as an infallible proof of identity based on two premises:(i)
permanence or persistence, and (ii) uniqueness or individuality. However, in the absence of
any theoretical results that establish the unique ness or individuality of fingerprints, the use
of fingerprints in various court proceedings is being questioned. This has raised awareness …