This chapter provides a broad introduction to the modelling, cleaning, and transformation techniques that must be applied to social media data before it can be imported into storage and analysis software. While each of the above topics in itself encompasses a wide range of issues, they are also inextricably related in that each relies in some way upon the others. In order to discuss these processes as a group, we employ the term data processing to describe the preparatory phase between data collection and data analysis. The sections that follow demonstrate how data processing can be broken down into a pipeline of three phases:

• In the first phase, modelling, the data is manually evaluated for structure and meaning by identifying entities, their attributes, and how they are related. This information is then mapped to a data model, a schematic that will determine the requirements for cleaning and transformation. Also, the data model is often translated to a database schema in order to prepare for data import into a database management system.