… drug-induced dyskinesia results from long-term treatment with levodopa in Parkinson’s disease;
this is termed levodopa-induced dyskinesia … three different types of dyskinesia. In TD, the …

… Summary-The dyskinesias produced by DOPA and prolonged treatment with … propose a
common mechanism for both. The following assumptions are made : (1) Dyskinesias result from …

… of involuntary movements called drug-induced dyskinesias (DID). … As the duration of
dopaminergic treatment increases to a mean … 5 years of initiating dopaminergic treatment [81]. …

… the development of drug-induced dyskinesias. We will also describe various treatment
strategies currently utilized for drug-induced dyskinesias including adjunct pharmacological …

… Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) are stigmatizing movement
… they differ in their pathophysiology and clinical management. Treatment for one may worsen …

… Dyskinesias encompass a variety of different hyperkinetic phenomenologies, particularly …
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is one of the main types of drug-induced dyskinesia, …

… probability that an individual will develop a druginduced movement disorder. Young men
are … Drug-induced tardive dyskinesia often appears early in the course of treatment in elderly …

… monkeys with high degree of nigral degeneration develop dyskinesia rapidly after levodopa
treatment.[ 33 ] Typically, dyskinesia and motor fluctuations are temporally related with rise …

… 32 patients with drug induced resistant tardive dyskinesia. The … treatment of drug induced
TD In a double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over clinical trial with 20 female druginduced TD …

… Common agents implicated in drug-induced akathisia, dyskinesia, dystonia, and … The
pathophysiologic mechanism of drug-induced akathisia is not well understood but may …