Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) and neurodegenerative dementia such as Alzheimer's
disease (AD) are frequently associated comorbidities in the elderly, sharing common risk
factors and pathophysiological mechanisms including neuroinflammation. Osteopontin
(OPN) is an inflammatory marker found upregulated in vascular diseases as well as in AD.
However, its involvement in vascular dementia (VaD) and pre-dementia stages, namely
cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND), both of which fall under the spectrum of vascular …

Background: Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) and neurodegenerative dementia such as
Alzheimer's disease (AD) are frequently associated comorbidities in the elderly, sharing
common risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms including neuroinflammation.
Osteopontin (OPN) is an inflammatory marker found upregulated in vascular diseases as
well as in AD. However, its involvement in vascular dementia (VaD) and pre-dementia
stages, namely cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND), both of which fall under the …