This report presents the results of a case study carried out in three countries: China, Nepal, and Pakistan. The case study reviews the use of trees for agricultural diversification by agricultural communities in response to climate-related stresses as part of a larger project documenting local adaptation strategies to climate-induced water stress and hazards in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. The case study established that trees on farms play a definite but varied role in response strategies to climate change and climate-related stresses. Farmers have responded by shifting production to areas that have become more suitable as a result of climate change or by diversifying their production systems. The role of trees and their impact on local communities' vulnerability depends on a range of factors. Integrating or expanding monoculture tree plantations may maintain or increase levels of vulnerability, while the use of multiple tree species often greatly improves resilience in agricultural systems and household livelihoods. Policy and market incentives are crosscutting factors that either enable or constrain the use of trees on farms. How the fact that different types of trees can increase risk or confer greater resilience to climate-related stresses is insufficiently accounted for in decisions to promote tree crops or integrate trees on farm. Without greater consideration of the impacts of climate change and climate variability on tree crops, communities will be unable to optimize the use of trees on farms within a wider strategy of agricultural diversification for enhanced adaptive capacity.