Relative to intravenous drug self-administration, locomotor activity is easier to measure with high throughput, particularly in mice. Therefore its potential to predict differences in self-administration between genotypes (eg, targeted mutations, recombinant inbred strains) is appealing, but such predictive value is unverified. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of the locomotor assay for accurately predicting differences in cocaine self-administration. A second goal was to evaluate any correlation between activity in a novel environment, and cocaine-induced hyperactivity, between strains. We evaluated locomotor activity in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats and 15 mouse strains (129S1/SvImJ, 129S6/SvEvTac, 129X1/SvJ, A/J, BALB/cByJ, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CAST/EiJ, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, SJL/J, SPRET/EiJ, and outbred Swiss Webster and CD-1/ICR), as well as cocaine self-administration in BALB substrains. All but BALB/cJ mice showed locomotor habituation and significant cocaine-induced hyperactivity. BALB/cJ mice also failed to self-administer cocaine. BALB/cByJ mice showed modest locomotor habituation, cocaine-induced locomotion, and cocaine self-administration. As previously reported, female rats showed greater cocaine-induced locomotion than males, but this was only observed in one of 15 mouse strains (FVB/NJ), and the reverse was observed in two strains (129X1/SvJ, BALB/cByJ). The intriguing phenotype of the BALB/cJ strain may indicate some correlation between all-or-none locomotion in a novel environment, and stimulant and reinforcing effects of cocaine. However, neither novelty-nor cocaine-induced activity offered a clear prediction of relative reinforcing effects among strains. Additionally, these results should aid in selecting mouse strains for future studies in which relative locomotor responsiveness to psychostimulants is a necessary consideration.