… the development of non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction in polymer electrolyte
… and commercialization of non-precious metal catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries. …

… that is essentially required for the feasible oxygen reduction reaction. The enhancement
of … the non-precious metals catalyst. This review is focused on the development in non-precious …

… that the performance of non-precious metal-based ORR catalysts could be further improved
via … , which would help develop novel electrocatalysts for various electrochemical reactions. …

… today and polymer electrolyte membrane … metals used in the cathode catalyst material of
PEMFCs 2. Replacing these precious metal catalysts (PMCs) by non-precious metal catalysts (…

… Electrochemical oxygen reduction is a key reaction for energy conversion technologies. …
using non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) in polymer electrolyte …

… , nitrogen, and carbon (often nitrogen/carbon precursor), typically in the temperature range
of 800–1000 C are the most promising nonprecious metal ORR catalysts for the polymer …

… novel non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen electroreduction in low-temperature fuel cells.
… carbon-based non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction, aiming to …

… effective catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (… catalysts are main obstacles for
commercialization of the fuel cell technology. Recently, Pt-based alloys and non-precious metals …

… alternative cathode catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) . Research on new
platinum … For example, catalysts derived from heteroatomic polymers show higher activity than …

… pyrolyzed catalysts, based primarily on the transition metals … improve the catalytic activity for
the oxygen reduction reaction (… polymer structure with the ORR activity of pyrolyzed catalysts…