Oil palm has become a prominent agricultural commodity in Indonesia. It is widely adopted
mainly as monoculture plantations both by smallholders and large scale companies.
Evidence shows that these massive monoculture practices have led to adverse impacts to
environmental and social systems as well as unsustainable growth of the producing regions.
Particularly, smallholder farmers have encountered difficulties to cope with the fluctuating oil
palm price. We argue that adding perennial trees and other agricultural crops or combining …