Mixed Boolean-Arithmetic (MBA) expression mixes bitwise operations (e.g., AND, OR, and NOT) and arithmetic operations (e.g., ADD and IMUL). It enables a semantic-preserving program transformation to convert a simple expression to a difficult-to-understand but equivalent form. MBA expression has been widely adopted as a highly effective and low-cost obfuscation scheme. However, state-of-the-art deobfuscation research proposes substantial challenges to the MBA obfuscation technique. Attacking methods such as bit-blasting, pattern matching, program synthesis, deep learning, and mathematical transformation can successfully simplify specific categories of MBA expressions. Existing MBA obfuscation must be enhanced to overcome these emerging challenges.

In this paper, we first review existing MBA obfuscation methods and reveal that existing MBA obfuscation is based on “linear MBA”, a simple subset of MBA transformation. This leaves the more complex “non-linear MBA” in its infancy. Therefore, we propose a new obfuscation method to unleash the power of non-linear MBA. Non-linear MBA expressions are generated from the combination or transformation of linear MBA rules based on a solid theoretical underpinning. Comparing to existing MBA obfuscation, our method can generate significantly more complex MBA expressions. To present the practicability of the non-linear MBA obfuscation scheme, we apply non-linear MBA obfuscation to the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA). We have implemented the method as a prototype tool, named MBA-Obfuscator, to produce a large-scale dataset. We run all existing MBA simplification tools on the dataset, and at most 147 out of 1,000 non-linear MBA expressions can be successfully simplified. Our evaluation shows MBA-Obfuscator is a practical obfuscation scheme with a solid theoretical cornerstone.