Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies such as anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) and
anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4) have dramatically transformed
treatment in solid tumor oncology. While immunotherapeutic approaches such as stem cell
transplantation and anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies have made critical contributions to
improve outcomes in hematological malignancies, clinical benefits of ICB are observed in
only limited tumor types that are particularly characterized by a high infiltration of immune …

The use of antibodies that target immune checkpoint molecules on the surface of T-
lymphocytes and/or tumor cells has revolutionized our approach to cancer therapy. Cytotoxic-
T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) are the two
most commonly targeted immune checkpoint molecules. Although the role of antibodies that
target CTLA-4 and PD-1 has been established in solid tumor malignancies and Food and
Drug Administration approved for melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, there remains …