Local autonomy has been the subject of increasing scrutiny in recent decades. The many studies published, based on indicators on the macro level, show that local autonomy in Switzerland is comparatively high, although its degree varies depending on the canton, the dimension of autonomy and the public policy involved. Some scholars criticise this reductive formal approach. Therefore, this article considers the cantonal legal framework but also follows a bottom-up and sectoral approach. It analyses local autonomy through its various dimensions and its relationship with the choice of governance arrangements for delivering a public service, calling the macro results into question. Methodologically, it is based on interviews in 16 Swiss municipalities selected according to the executive councillors’ perception of autonomy in sport and public-transport policies collected in a comprehensive survey. It emphasises the differences between formal, perceived and effective autonomy and enriches the debate on the various methodological approaches thereto.