Characterizing ultrafast energy and charge transfer is important for understanding a wide
range of systems, from natural photosynthetic complexes to organic photovoltaics.
Distinguishing the kinetic processes of energy transfer and charge separation in such
systems is challenging due to the lack of clear spectral signatures of charge transfer states,
which are typically nonradiative. Stark spectroscopy has proven to be a valuable method for
uncovering charge transfer states. Here we extend the dimensionality of Stark spectroscopy …

Stark spectroscopy, which measures changes in the linear absorption of a sample in the
presence of an external DC electric field, is a powerful experimental tool for probing the
existence of charge-transfer (CT) states in photosynthetic systems. CT states often have
small transition dipole moments, making them insensitive to other spectroscopic methods,
but are particularly sensitive to Stark spectroscopy due to their large permanent dipole
moment. In a previous study, we demonstrated a new experimental method, two …