Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini causes cholangiocarcinoma
(CCA). Whereas the cause of CCA in the West remains obscure, the principal risk factor in
Thailand is opisthorchiasis. Here, we review recent findings on the pathogenesis of
opisthorchiasis and CCA focusing on helminth molecules/toxic metabolites, host–parasite
interaction, endocytosis, immunopathology/inflammatory responses, free radical production,
molecular genetic alterations, and multifactorial including coinfections driving to CCA …