Background The aim of this study was to evaluate working volume as a potential
assessment metric for open surgical tasks. Methods Surgical attendings (n= 6), residents (n=
4), and medical students (n= 5) performed a suturing task on simulated connective tissue
(foam), artery (rubber balloon), and friable tissue (tissue paper). Using a motion tracking
system, effective working volume was calculated for each hand. Repeated measures
analysis of variance assessed differences in working volume by experience level, dominant …