… an adaptive immune system in vertebrates 1 . We report here the cloning and characterization
of a human homologue … immune response in adult Drosophila 2,3,4 . Like Drosophila Toll, …

… the cornerstone of the immune system. In jaw vertebrates, adaptive immune receptors of T
and … Remarkably, assembly of VLRs may depend on the agnatha’s homologue of AID. 19 This …

… Some of the TM4 turned out to be on a Ciona segment (grail 149) that contains several human
homologues that all map to the human region 11p 15, which we had not pointed out so far …

Approximately 500 mya two types of recombinatorial adaptive immune systems appeared in
vertebrates. Jawed vertebrates generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen …

… A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity.
… The human adaptive immune system is defined by lymphocytes, antigen receptors [Ig and T-…

… A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
[comments]. Nature 388: 394. Medzhitov R., Preston-Hurlburt P., Kopp E., Stadlen A., Chen C., …

… Adaptive immunity is mediated through numerous genetic … Advances in our understanding
of immunity in mammals and … Although the evolution of adaptive immunity has been thought to …

Approximately 500 million years ago, two types of recombinatorial adaptive immune
systems (AISs) arose in vertebrates. The jawed vertebrates diversify their repertoire of …

… the innate immune system. Moreover, it is now clear that the activation of the innate immune
… the adaptive immune response and, thus, may influence allergic diseases such as asthma. …

… When and how adaptive immunity emerged is one of the fundamental questions in
immunology. Accumulated evidence suggests that the key components of adaptive immunity, …