… between antipredator responses and direct predation that follow, we consider both the
proportion of direct predation (Figs. 4 and 5), and the proportion of direct predation relative to …

… on prey by predators, but are … of predation pressure and the antipredator response of
prey to that pressure. This creates a feedback loop between direct predation and antipredator …

… are able to measure predator distance directly. It is very … predation risk more directly and
more accurately than retinal speed. A larger retinal size indicates a larger or closer predator …

… inducible defences allow increased expression to reduce predation when risk is high, and
… selection favours antipredator responses because they reduce the rate of direct predation, …

… in models with no direct density dependence in per capita growth rates. Abrams (1987b)
shows that, when there is direct density dependence of the predator's per capita growth rate, it …

… test of the general hypothesis that antipredator responses of prey are directly related to …
and direct relationship between the magnitude of antipredator response and predation risk for …

… of their antipredator responses to immediate predation risk (… stronger antipredator responses
when presented with a model … response may vary from a graded or directly proportional …

… of predator–prey relations and antipredator responses of the … predator, there is another
category of antipredator responses that involve direct active signaling by the prey to the predator. …

… antipredator responses to novel predators. To explain variation in prey response to novel
predators, we … Effective antipredator behaviors reduce direct predation (consumptive effects of …

… how predators shape prey behavior. We had predicted that choice of anti-predator response
would be driven by predator … Direct encounters between predators and prey are only rarely …