… if FCM can monitor biofilm status and function in SSFs with sand beds of differing maturity and
sand … filters indicated that a distinct microbial biofilm inhabited each of the examined SSFs. …

… , (g, h, i) Representative biofilms formed on sand filter media examined by confocal laser
scanning microscopy after being stained with a BacLight Live/Dead kit. Panels A and B. …

… This study explored the effects of greywater application on the dynamics and functions of
biofilms developed in bark, activated charcoal and sand filters used for removal of organic …

… The water samples were filtered through a 0.45 µm filter biofilm before water quality indexes
were determined according to the standard methods [16]. The NO 3 - -N, NH 4 + -N, NO 2 - -…

… biofilm formation in SSF by investigating the biomass, characteristics of biofilm and microbial
population structure and function… and installing two-stage filter system. This study provides a …

… sand filters is still needed to study the development and assembly of microbial communities
in SSFs and its metabolic functions. … sand bed (dark brown) by their color, which were biofilm-…

… Challenge experiments with active biofilm, inactive biofilm and no biofilm sand were
performed on days 5, 10 and 13, respectively. Spiking was done by lowering the supernatant …

… On the other hand, the pore size of SCM was awfully smaller than that of the sand in filter
bed due to the dense biofilm, and thereby most larger particle pollutants were intercepted in …

… For the biofilm formed on the sand top, a 5 cm layer of the sand filter was collected in a
tray, washed three times with 100 mL distilled water each, and transferred to 50 mL plastic …

… A simple schematic of sand filter used in this study is illustrated in Fig. 1. Two SBFs were
pre-operated for 150 d under 0.8 mg/L of influent Mn(II) and a 5 m/h filtration rate, and their Mn(II…