… Bladder cancer is a complex disease associated with high … For non-muscle-invasive bladder
cancer, the mainstay of treatment … For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, multimodal treatment …

… In the setting of muscularis propria invasive disease, a metastatic assessment, including
an … A novel method used to stage bladder cancer is MR lymphangiography, which uses …

… 7 or metastatic disease 8 (Fig. 1). The stage at diagnosis of bladder cancer has not changed
… Accordingly, mortality rates have not changed as there is no cure for metastatic disease 9 . …

… , to aggressive or advanced-stage disease that requires multimodal and invasive treatment.
… of bladder cancer has fundamentally changed how this disease is diagnosed and treated. …

… of disease detection include cystoscopy and urine cytology. Although the specificity of urine
… Urine markers for the detection of bladder cancer have been developed and approved by …

… bladder cancer may be somewhat underestimated. Nevertheless, accurate staging and grading
of bladder cancer … Stage and grade of the cancer provides an indication of the likelihood …

… Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy. It is the sixth most …
cancers in men and 3 percent of cancers in women. Bladder cancer ranges from mild disease …

… pretreatment staging of bladder cancer is important in assessing the extent of disease and
… The current gold standard of transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) followed by …

… tumours represent a heterogeneous group of cancers. The natural history of these bladder
cancers is that of recurrence of disease and progression to higher grade and stage disease. …

… Our study suggests that bladder cancer is diagnosed at a relatively early stage in the Erbil
… Table 1 shows the details of the grade and stage of bladder cancer in our study patients. …