… (a) In melanoma, mechanisms of secondary resistance to BRAF inhibitors include the
expression of BRAF splice variants, RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (C-Raf) …

… how BRAF mutations signal through the RAS/MAPK pathway, … tailored to BRAF alteration
and RAS/MAPK signaling context. … /MAPK signaling output would require (i) a direct “pathway” …

… Based on the finding that MAPK pathway activity is reactivated in melanoma following
selective BRAF inhibition and that some BRAF inhibitor-associated toxicity might be abrogated by …

… High MITF levels allow melanoma cells to evade cell death triggered by BRAF (and MEK)
inhibitors even when the MAPK pathway appears fully blocked (65,66). Accordingly, MITF …

… The characterization of the MAPK signaling pathway has led to … of BRAF and MEK inhibitors
represents an FDA-approved standard of care in patients with metastatic and resected BRAF-…

… changes in the BRaf–MEK–ERK pathway from melanoma and thyroid carcinoma. In basal-like
TNBC gene amplification of BRaf or upstream regulators of the MAPK pathway is frequent …

… (dubbed ‘paradox breakers’) that suppress mutant BRAF cells without activating the MAPK
pathway in cells bearing upstream activation. In cells that express the same HRAS mutation …

… inhibit the MAPK and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in BRAF mutant … MAPK pathway inhibitors—BRAF,
MEK, and ERK inhibitors—with JAK2 or STAT3 inhibitors can dually inhibit the MAPK …

… 11,14 , we tested whether BRAF is required for CRAF activation … BRAF +/+ and BRAF -/-
cell lines 15,16 with RAF inhibitors … BRAF inhibitors are effective in treating mutant BRAF …

… acquired resistance mechanisms precipitated by BRAF inhibition and alternative therapies
that … to the BRAF V600E mutation that facilitates tumour cells to grow despite BRAF inhibitor (…