… and the surrounding microenvironment, extrafollicular pathways of B-cell differentiation can
occur in either a CD4 + T-cell dependent or -independent manner. The spleen encloses an …

… expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC) (1). In addition, recent studies have shown
the functional involvement of differentiation antigens in Tu-cell activation. Two cell surface …

… Our investigation of AAM focused on antigen-specific GCB-cell differentiation and selection,
given the reports of active SHM in these models and autoantibodies (6, 21, 51–53). The (4-…

… growth factor(s) and factors necessary for the induction of B cell differentiation into IgM-secreting
cells are limiting, thus allowing for a stepwise reconstitution of immunocompetence. …

… effector T cell differentiation and a holistic view of CD4 + T cell … how Teff and Tfh cells
differentiate from naive precursors, as … differentiation, while those activated by low-affinity antigen …

… affinity maturation of the humoral response to a hapten is impaired when preexisting clonally
restricted cells recognizing the hapten are dominant in the B cell … plasma cell differentiation. …

… of IgG secreting cells in culture in the presence of LPS. These factors, which we have
termed B cell differentiation factors, are different from interleukin 1, interleukin 2, T cell-replacing …

… Furthermore, there have been examples of specificities which disappear and reappear within
one cell lineage, and at different stages of cell differentiation. We have referred to them as “…

… -cell differentiation 21,23 . However, exiting the cell cycle is not sufficient to cause B-cell
differentiation … -1 target genes are essential in plasma-cell generation. However, the functions of …

… affinity maturation shapes B cell responses against the autoantigens, we clustered RF+,
ACPA+, and tetramer-negative B cells … of IgG1 memory B cells toward plasma cell differentiation. …