… immune checkpoints. In this review, we discuss regulation of immune checkpoint signaling
at multiple levels to provide an overview of our current understanding of checkpoint biology. …

… mechanisms to immune checkpoint therapy. In 2013, Science named cancer immunotherapy
its … the pathway or alternate oncogene signaling to bypass the blocked oncogene, in cancer …

… These findings support the concept that individual immune checkpoint molecules may …
regarding immune checkpoint molecule signaling and coexpression, both in cancer and infectious …

… -checkpoint receptors that have been most actively studied in the context of clinical cancer
immunotherapy, … , has been reported to drive PDL1 expression through signal transducer and …

… cancers. The activation of T cells needs two signals, signal one is antigen-specific signal to
… cells (APCs), and signal two is costimulatory signal provided by B7 and other molecules. Co-…

… against cancer. Hence, understanding the expression pattern and cellular mechanism
helps lay out the possible effect of any immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the signaling …

… by checkpoint blocking antibodies has been strengthened the area of cancer immunotherapy.
… (ipilimumab) and PD-1 inhibitors (Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab) have diversified the clinical …

… Each feeds into overlapping or identical downstream signaling pathways and by virtue of
the … This ontogeny has important implications for tumor immunotherapy in a system now …

… checkpoint molecules, PD ‐1 and CTLA 4, has been shown to be a promising cancer … The
third T cell activation signal represents the signals from the cytokine receptors. The cytokine …

… checkpoints such as TIM-3, LAG3 and VISTA are currently being tested to overcome resistance
to cancer immunotherapy. … immune checkpoints’ ligand biology, signaling mechanisms, …