… Effects of Pollutants: Field Studies … living organisms that respond to infections and chemical
pollutants. Dozens of biomarkers are being used to assess the health of marine organisms in …

… to adapt existing methods and develop new methods to improve capabilities to quantify,
analyze, and determine toxicity of various chemicals in the estuarine and marine organisms. …

… (2012) reviewed the potential of CA activity as a pollution biomarker and found that though
it is sensitive to chemical pollutants, found in many trophic levels, and easy to measure, little …

… Metabolism of individual classes of pollutants can be influenced … Chemically mediated
pathways can affect antioxidant … largely unexplored in marine organisms. Molecular responses of …

… The majority of published papers in 2018 on the effects of marine debris focused on
ingestion. In many studies, researchers examined stomach contents and confirmed the chemical …

… This review covers selected 2009 peerreviewed journal articles on the biological, chemical
and physical effects of natural and anthropogenic pollutants on marine and estuarine plants …

… , chemical and physical effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on marine and …
The last six sections focus further on pollution issues of current interest including endocrine …

… the following: history and geography of chemical weapons dumping at sea; chemical … This
section documents published interactions between marine organisms and various types of …

… The focus of this review is on effects, not on pollutant sources, chemistry, fate or transport.
There is considerable overlap across subject areas (eg some bioaccumulation data may be …

… the biological effects of pollutants and human physical disturbances on marine and estuarine
… alter the chemical nature prior to the discharge of the effluents into fresh or marine waters. …