… On the basis of these previous observations, we propose a tentative working definition of
the pulmonary vascular phenotype of COPD based on the presence of severe PH with …

… Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome
that represents a major global health burden. COPD phenotypes … phenotyping is still at an …

… systemic endothelial dysfunction [129]. As a result, studies show that predominant
vascular changes in COPD and emphysema are endothelial and microvascular dysfunction [130]. …

… idea that emphysema is, to some extent, a vascular abnormality. Future research should look
deeper into the vascular COPD phenotype, … Endothelial dysfunction and injury could have a …

… -mediated dilation in COPD, which suggests subendothelial vascular dysfunction in COPD.
The impairments in endothelial-dependent dilation in patients with COPD were considerably …

… the frequency of exacerbations of COPD and ED could change … COPD is a progressive and
generalised vascular disease, … Our opinion is that differences in COPD phenotype do not only …

… for the spectrum of COPD phenotypes with a focused discussion … vascular remodeling in
COPD-related PH is from injury to the endothelial cells and subsequent “endothelial dysfunction…

… The expression pattern of both intermediate filaments may discriminate between a synthetic
phenotype for SMCs and the contractile phenotype observed in mature cells.6, 7 Accordingly…

Background In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), decreased progenitor cells
and impairment of systemic vascular function have been suggested to confer higher …

… In support of the contention that elevated free radicals are mediating the vascular dysfunction
in patients with COPD, in the current study there was a significant increase in SOD in …