… Coral reef growth depends on the net accumulation of calcium carbonate, which is affected
by the saturation state of calcium carbonate in surface waters. Kleypas and colleagues (56) …

… The threshold of MMM +1C may be appropriate for reef areas with annual variation …
accumulating heat stress, produced DHW values between 6 and 12, with highest heat accumulation …

… accumulation of “degree heating months” (DHM, in C-month) above the MMM from 2001–2100
is calculated in each coral reef … warming from the accumulation of greenhouse gases in …

… Throughout the IO, the highest anomaly occurred in 1998 and corresponded to the highest
accumulated thermal stress (Degree-Heating-Months or DHM; defined below); 1998 was the …

… Degree heating weeks (DHWs) start to accumulate when projected temperatures exceed …
The positive anomalies for three months were added to get degree heating months (DHMs) …

… The net effect is that heat is trapped within the greenhouse. … in layers of compacted snow
that accumulated over this time in … This figure shows how much thermal stress has accumulated …

… relative heating stress a coral reef experiences in the course of one year, a Degree Heating
… 26 DHW is proposed as the threshold for accumulated heat tolerance at the Jamaican and …

… corals but decreased in heat-treated corals relative to corals at ambient conditions. Heat-treated
corals gained less mass relative to both ambient and cold-treated corals. These results …

… , as many nations depend on coral reefs ecosystem services, such as coastal … ) coral
reefs are likely to be exposed to severe heat stress every year by mid-21 st century 2,14 . Heat …

… with in situ SST measurements for coral reef regions [42]. The … lead to larger changes in
accumulated thermal stress. The 4C-… the translocation of heat-tolerant corals also require further …