… Here, we demonstrate the important perspective on phenotypic integration provided by …
temporal trends in size, variance, phenotypic integration, and direct developmental integration (…

… Phenotypic integration and modularity have … trait integration can influence both the trajectory
and magnitude of response to selection. We further demonstrate that phenotypic integration …

… persistence and pulsed change, and (e) whether or not diversity has limits over geologic time.
… evolution, I review five active areas of research in the study of regional biotas in deep time. …

Rupert Riedl's concept of burden forms a causal hypothesis on organismic integration and
evolutionary constraints. Defined as the hierarchically nested interdependence of characters …

… The next question that naturally arises, then, is: should we think of phenotypic integration
as an adaptation or as a constraint? Most early authors studying integration, from Olson and …

… balanced perspective of the potential impact of the approach. … influences macroevolutionary
dynamics in deep time [13], … modern deep-sea fishes, but remain unproven in deep time [123]…

… There is less of a consensus on the macroevolutionary implications of phenotypic integration.
Strong integration between traits has traditionally been hypothesized to constrain patterns …

… With advances in both fieldwork and imaging, the discovery of the phenotypic basis for
morphological innovation is at a critical moment in its long history: Novel perspectives on …

… monozygotic twins that enlarge with age and lifestyle or residential differences, illustrating
the continuing role of environment in translating a common genotype into different phenotypes…

… Functional integration is an important but challenging … of phenotypic integration, ultimate
causes of genetic integration and … of phenotypic integration and one reason why integration is of …