… to advance a process-based model of emotional labor that explains how emotional displays
are regulated to conform to display rules across changing circumstances. Emotional labor is …

… Emotional labor refers to the process by which workers are … This article reviews theory and
research on emotional labor … The sociological literature on emotional labor can be roughly …

… the definition and operationalization of emotional labor. The purposes of … emotional labor,
to provide a definition of emotional labor that integrates these perspectives, to discuss emotion …

… the emotional labor strategies and personal outcomes. Results demonstrated how the
emotional labor process … the role that emotional intelligence plays in emotional labor processes. …

… conceptualizations, assumed but untested processes, and methodological stagnation, …
emotional labor researchers, we review theoretical perspectives and evidence for emotional labor …

… Emotional labor may facilitate task effectiveness and self-expression, but it also may … of
emotional labor are moderated by one's social and personal identities and that emotional labor …

… used emotional labor strategy that has positive effects for both employees and customers.
We examine how identity processes shape how employees experience emotional labor, and …

… and health care to demonstrate the potential for emotional labor … of emotional labor processes.
In doing so, we first review the key terms and definitions that are used within the emotion …

… These findings suggest that motivation plays a role in the emotional labor process in that
individuals must be committed to display rules for these rules to affect behavior. …

… emotional labor, we define emotional … emotional resources and two emotional labor
strategies (ie, surface acting and deep acting) using two individual-difference variables—emotional …