… replaced by the more effective and less morbid techniques of transnasal endoscopic
sphenopalatine artery ligation (TESPAL) 1 -3 and endovascular arterial embolization. Furthermore, …

… of endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (ESPAL) for the control of posterior epistaxis
provides an effective, low… Given the morbidity and limited effectiveness of posterior packing, we …

… Trans-nasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (TESPAL) and endovascular arterial
embolisation both provide excellent success rates; thus, a decision between the two can be …

… in endoscopic techniques and anatomical understanding of the locoregional nasal vasculature,
endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (… cavity, ligation of sphenopalatine artery has …

… of the sphenopalatine artery has … endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery for the
treatment of severe posterior epistaxis is presented. Endoscopic ligation of the maxillary artery …

… Further work is also needed to determine the cost effectiveness of our treatment algorithm
compared … In conclusion, we feel that endoscopic SPA ligation is a safe and effective means of …

… epistaxis are endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (ESPAL) and endovascular arterial
… Existing research suggests a cost benefit and decreased morbidity of ESPAL compared to …

… (ESPAL) is known as an effective treatment for … sphenopalatine foramen (SPF), has been
performed by our group. Our study assessed the clinical benefit of endoscopic sphenopalatine …

… With increased endoscopic expertise and increased anatomic knowledge of the lateral nasal
wall, endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery (ELSPA) has been suggested as an …

… As yet, there are no known UK studies comparing the cost effectiveness of sphenopalatine
artery ligation with that of other surgical procedures. However, North American …