… change. To emphasize extremes, we use phenotypic integration to imply tight (resistant to
change) … and hormonally mediated traits, and phenotypic independence to refer to connections …

… the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. … phenotypic correlation structures and phenotypic
integration are also favored. In particular, the intensity and frequency of environmental change in …

… of organisms to environmental change. It has been suggested that phenotypic integration,
the structure … However, the relationship between plasticity and integration is far from resolved. …

… whether trait correlations change across environments (… to environmental change across
traits and have a canalized multivariate phenotype may be restricted to a narrow environmental …

… changes that restore the ancestral phenotype or compensate for the environmental change
in … Compensatory evolutionary responses to environmental change have not gone unnoticed …

… phenotypic integration as an adaptation or as a constraint? Most early authors studying
integration… On the one hand, patterns of phenotypic integration can surely be modified by natural …

… Phenotypic integration refers to the relationships among multiple characters of a complex
phenotype… In this review, I summarize a brief history of the concept of phenotypic integration in …

… raw material for microevolutionary responses to environmental change, irrespective of
whether the variation is random or adaptive (Sultan, 2007). The results of this study suggest that …

… review, we define global change as any anthropogenic environmental change that alters the
… This constraint is phenotypic integration—the network of character correlations—and, to our …

… in such a way as to better prepare it for the environmental … developmental responses to
environmental effects are adaptive … Environmental influences on phenotypic development are …