… by number of vesicle particles, amount of vesicle protein, or expressing dosage as a
vesicle number to protein ratio. This question must be addressed for clinical applications to be …

Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by all
cell types, differing in biogenesis, physical characteristics, and contents. Due to their central …

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and microbial
infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be released …

… extracellular vesicle population, and “exosomes” are defined as small extracellular vesicles
… , in this review, the general term “small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)” in this review will be …

… Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are released from all regions of the kidney's nephron
and from other cells that line the urinary tract. Extracellular vesicles retain proteomic and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are released by different
cell types and participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes. EVs mediate …

… technologies to detect EVs in human body fluids for diagnosis are not useful for clinical
applications. Thus, technologies that can detect EVs in human body fluids are needed (Fig. 3). …

… sensitivity, and specificity of extracellular vesicle DNAs in comparison to … clinical application
as a source for liquid biopsy. Moreover, the horizontally transfer ability of extracellular vesicle …

… application The term “exosome” is often used in Japan, but as exosomes are part of extracellular
vesicles, … Since the 1980s, various cells have been observed to secrete vesicles, which …

… We describe emerging therapeutic applications, including the use … clinical translation.
Finally, we discuss the use of EVs as a biomarker source and highlight recent studies and clinical …