… Limited information is available on how these findings may translate to healthy humans or
to disease states involving the brain or the gut/brain axis. Future research needs to focus on …

The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain,
and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other …

… the blood–brain barrier (eg, ghrelin) and can act synergistically with the vagus nerve, for
example to regulate food intake and appetite (2). The brain–gut axis is becoming increasingly …

… by a shift in our understanding of the traditional gut–brain axis, toward a more systemically
biological perspective known as the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis (Mayer et al., 2022…

Since its discovery, the gut hormone, ghrelin, has been implicated in diverse functional roles
in the central nervous system. Central and peripheral interactions between ghrelin and …

… of nutrient to the gut by controlling food intake. Afferent neurons of the vagus nerve are an
important target of gut hormones, particularly for control of food intake. The intestinal hormone …

… a role in inducing cytokines and other anti or pro-inflammatory/immunity cells, synthesising
certain vitamins and neurotransmitters, and playing a role as part of the larger gut-brain axis. …

… We introduce key factors that influence the BGM axis, such as diet, antibiotics, early-life
adversity, food cues and psychosocial stress, during the prenatal and postnatal period, and …

The importance of bidirectional brain-gut interactions in gastrointestinal (GI) illness is
increasingly recognized, most prominently in the area of functional GI syndromes such as irritable …

… The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous …
metabolism and microbiota-gut-brain axis homeostasis highlighting the role tryptophan …