… IR, or, more recently, insulin-independent hypoglycemia [9••] … in whom genetic testing for
a disorder of insulin action is … To prime this, current understanding of cellular insulin action …

… , modulation of metabolic enzyme activity, and changes in gene expression. Two rare …
of insulin action and disorders of these cellular mechanisms that may lead to clinical insulin …

… or may arise as a component of defined genetic syndromes. Over the past decade, rapid …
insulin action at a receptor and cellular level, and have elucidated defects contributing to insulin …

… between genetic and environmental etiologies of insulin … tissues of insulin action, there is
increasing evidence that insulin has … The present review will focus on studies of insulin action in …

… Circulating glucose enters pancreatic islet β cells, where it promotes insulin gene expression
and insulin secretion. By contrast, endocrine IGF1 is secreted largely from hepatocytes …

… this review, it should be mentioned that there is extensive genetic evidence that the insulin
receptor homologs of C. elegans and Drosophila both utilize signal transduction pathways …

… -resistant states including obesity, uremia, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone excess,
as well as a variety ofrarer genetic disorders such as leprechaunism, the type A syndrome of …

… of insulin action and separate chapters cover insulin action in … Section 2 explores the
pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin … genetic and environmental factors that result in insulin …

… on whole-body and cellular glucose uptake in cervical-cord-injured people through a major
increase in protein expression of key genes involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism …

… Furthermore, we will discuss the multifactorial nature of insulin resistance, considering
genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and environmental influences as key contributors to its …