… test new hypotheses about the genetic underpinnings of addiction. This review will give a
synopsis of the current understanding of genetic contributions to the vulnerability of substance …

… through which genes can have an impact on the addictive behaviors, distinguishing between
the genes that inscribe the proteins affecting the metabolism of the addictive substance (eg, …

… a substantial degree of genetic vulnerability for substance abuse but cannot separate
familial environment (for example, generational and gender factors) from genetic contributions. …

… genetic and environmental influences across addictive behaviors, 111 where genetic
vulnerabilities for drugs or other types of addictions … is only modest evidence for genetic factors …

… of drug dependence and quantity/frequency of drug use. Twin data support the idea that
most of the genetic vulnerability to abuse of different legal and illegal addictive substances is …

… genetic effects on the vulnerability to substance dependence. We hypothesized that common
genetic variants account for at least half of the genetic … of comorbid drug dependence and …

… Rather, emerging evidence discussed in this review points to a more complex model of
addiction vulnerability in which genetically determined and environmental factors interact at …

… Approximately 50% of the genetic vulnerability to nicotine dependence is shared with
alcoholism, whereas 15% of the genetic vulnerability to alcoholism is shared with nicotine …

… genetic and environmental non specificity across addictive behaviors [108]. Genetic vulnerabilities
for drugs or other types of addictions … Moreover there is no evidence for genetic factors …

… Animal studies tend to support an individual and combined genetic vulnerability to drugs
and alcohol.-3-4 Environment continues to play a major role in determining exposure to …