… heart failure (HF) contributing to cardiac remodeling and peripheral vascular disturbances.
Several studies have shown raised levels of inflammatory cytokines … in the failing myocardium …

… to dysfunction and heart failure progression. Finally, we discuss the promises and challenges
of cytokine and chemokine targeting in heart failure patients. Inflammatory Cytokines in the …

… Several studies have reported raised plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and
chemokines in direct relation to deterioration of functional class (ie New York Heart Association …

… Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). In addition to
their direct involvement as mediators in the pathogenesis of HF, inflammatory cytokines and …

… cytokine hypothesis proposed that an excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
contributes to heart failure (… clinical trials targeting the cytokines in HF have failed. The question …

… that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as … heart failure. In addition, we will review recent
studies that suggest that antagonizing cytokines may represent a novel target for heart failure …

… cytokines, … heart failure, and anti-inflammatory immune therapy is currently under investigation.
In acute decompensation of chronic heart failure, the change in the inflammatory cytokine …

… pro-inflammatory cytokines, the increased level of which in the blood of patients with chronic
heart failure (… However, it is unclear whether pro-inflammatory cytokines are the cause or the …

… However, it must not overlook the role of antiinflammatory cytokines in HF, even they have …
actions) cytokines with potent regulatory and inflammatory activity (pro- and antiinflammatory) …

… of heart failure. During this stage of healing from acute ischemic insult, inflammatory
cytokines … Thus, we postulated that some aspects of heart failure may be mediated by non-lethal …