… immune activation, and their impact on HIV persistence. We review the direct effects of opioids
on chronic inflammation and immune activation… Effects of opioid exposure on HIV infection …

… in immune activation by up-regulation of NF-κB, if morphine were binding to TLR4, it would
be predicted that opioids would … to activate TLR4 is actually underlying sepsis induced by the …

… or peripheral immune mediators in substance use disorder … brain-immune system interactions
in substance use disorders are … In conclusion, opioids influence inflammation and immune …

… of the opioids on the immune … immune cells may each play a role in the final outcome. This
review will concentrate largely on the direct interaction of opioids with the cells of the immune …

… function through the sympathetic nervous system, while more prolonged exposure to opioids
alter the immune system predominantly by activation of the HPA axis. On the other hand, …

… altered immune parameters produced by opioids … opioids on innate and adaptive immunity,
the influence on genetic factors and aging on opioid effects, and pathologies where opioids …

… opioids remain a gold standard for treatment of chronic pain. Therefore, given the prevalence
of opioid use and abuse, opioid-mediated immune … exogenous opioids modulate immune …

… cells into analgesic cells producing and secreting high amounts of opioid peptides. Such …
opioid receptors, migration of opioid-producing immune cells to inflamed tissue, opioid peptide …

… Opioids can affect innate and adaptive immune function and their effects are summarized in
… the possible mechanisms of immune modulation caused by opioids in the current literature. …

… Conclusion: Our findings suggest that, in MDD, immune activation is associated with a
simultaneous activation of dynorphin/KOR and β-endorphin/MOR signaling and that these opioid …