… Central nervous system toxicity is classically described as a two-stage process. An initial …
Cardiovascular system toxicity is classically in three phases. The initial phase includes …

… applications and settings for the use of local anaesthesia are also described. Finally, we …
the management of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity. The utility of local anaesthetics remains …

… is very important since systemic toxicity can be fatal. This article reviews the pharmacology
of local anaesthetics, clinical features of systemic toxicity resulting from their local use, and …

… Barrington and Kluger, 64 in a series of more than 20 000 patients, reported an overall
incidence of mild signs of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity of approximately 1 : 1000, which fell …

… of a local anaesthetic agent accumulates within the systemic circulation… local anaesthetic
systemic toxicity (LAST) may occur whenever a significant bolus or infusion of local anaesthetic …

… Local anesthetics are the most frequently used drugs amongst anesthetists and … , local
anaesthetic systemic toxicity accounts for a high proportion of mortality, with local anaesthetic-…

… local anaesthetic systemic toxicity and hence may have underestimated rates of local anaesthetic
toxicity… which possibly represent systemic toxicity from local anaesthetic agents (at the …

… In summary, systemic local anaesthetic toxicity is always a risk of local anaesthetic
injection, but this risk can be minimized by the appropriate use of adjuncts, meticulous care in …

… The influence of acid-base changes on central nervous system toxicity of local anaesthetic
… The influence of acid-base changes on central nervous system toxicity of local anaesthetics …

… Up to this point we have been reviewing various aspects of the systemic toxicity of local
anaesthetics. We now turn to a less dramatic and less troublesome group of reactions, those that …