… for resistance monitoring and prevention. In this Review, we assess contemporary data on
HIV drug resistance … impact and resistance risks of novel ART strategies and knowledge gaps. …

… drug resistance and risk of pretreatment drug resistance in … datasets for pretreatment
drug-resistance data in individuals … , and the International Drug Resistance Workshop for the …

… pneumoniae isolates in our hospital are carbapenem resistant compared to only sporadic
carbapenem resistant isolates prior to 2009.The purpose of this study was to investigate the …

… resistance in low-income and middle-income countries, using linear regression to adjust for
environmental factors purported to be predictors of resistance, … that showed resistance to a …

… threat of HIV drug resistance, many low-income and middle-income … the effect of rising
NNRTI resistance and yield improved ART … Second, pre-existing resistance to the co-administered …

… resistance tests for use in low income settings, we assessed cost-effectiveness of drug
resistance … line ART being conditional on NNRTI drug resistance mutations being identified. …

… Drug Resistance Index (DRI)12 to demonstrate the ability to communicate the variations in
antibiotic resistance … of them either lower income or upper-middle-income countries. Because …

… of Mtb influences the probability of drug resistance [6]. Patient factors contributing to de
novo emergence of drug resistance include primary infection with a drug resistant strain, poor …

… resistance and nosocomial transmission. This is compounded by very sparse information on
drug resistance rates and patterns in many low-income settings, … in the same income setting. …

… CONCLUSIONS: Capacity to diagnose and treat drugresistant TB was limited across ART
programs in lowerincome … Drug resistance detection methods Table 1 shows the proximity of …