… of multiple signalling pathways … MAPK pathway consists of a complex cascade of proteins
that control the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of tumour cells. The MAPK pathway …

… and roles of signalling components individually. Engineering signalling pathways with
concepts of … signalling behaviours useful for future applications in medicine and biotechnology. …

… stimulates sustained ERK MAPK signalling. However, … MAPK signalling pathway initiated
by MIF. Most importantly, we have shown that MIF potently activates the transient ERK pathway …

… allow distinct responses of the same MAPK signalling pathways to different stimuli. Gene
targeting experiments in mice have provided evidence that MAPK modules are associated with …

… related both to MAPKs and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and it is not clear whether
they are part of MAPK signalling pathways. The MKKs lie upstream of the MAPKs. They are the …

… for ERK/MAPK and other signalling pathways 47 . The phosphorylation of stimulated GPCRs
by GPCR-kinases (GRKs) generates docking sites for β-arrestins, which terminate GPCR …

… to identify kinase signalling pathways that regulate … MAPK pathways that is at least in part
mediated through direct phosphorylation of CLK by CaMK II and p42 MAPK [extracellular signal…

… activates MAPK. For this reason, we refer to the phosphorylation cascade as … MAPK activation
pathway. In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four MAPK activation pathways …

… In addition, it is well known that the Ras/ERK1/2 signalling pathway has a central role in
vulval development in C. elegans (Sundaram & Han, 1996) and the differentiation of R7 …

… of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway during this process. Our
… Inhibition of the MAPK–ERK1/2 pathways reversed the phenotype changes of subchondral …