… resistance mechanisms can be tumor-intrinsic, related to the tumor microenvironment or
patient-specific factors. Multiple resistance mechanisms … will discuss ICI resistance mechanisms, …

… Here, we highlight traditional immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that are already in use
in clinical settings and, additionally, newer, and emerging targets that show promising pre-…

… different mechanisms, including activation of immune checkpoint … checkpoint inhibitor for
treating patients with advanced melanoma 1,2,3 . This antibody prevents T-cell inhibition and …

… This review is intended to provide an introduction to immune checkpoint inhibitors and
discusses the scientific overview of cancer immunotherapy, mechanisms of the inhibitors, clinical …

… a myriad of mechanisms that cause primary resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. By
contrast, until recently, very little was understood about the acquired resistance pathways that …

… different mechanisms involving antigens, cytokines and immune checkpoint proteins (12). …
Given that different immune checkpoint inhibitors may have distinct mechanisms of action, …

… resistance mechanisms, we will first review the cancer immune cycle with an emphasis on
important points for immunotherapy resistance. … in the defense mechanism against melanoma […

… Insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and functions of these molecules have, …
of T-cell costimulatory mechanisms and checkpoint blockade, primarily of CTLA4 and PD-1, …

… mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance. Ongoing work is expected to build
upon recent accomplishments and allow more patients to benefit from this class of therapies. …

… Ten years since the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab … of the mechanisms of action
of immune checkpoint blockade and … mechanisms for more successful use of immunotherapy. …