… While modifier genes are defined in various ways throughout the literature, the overall … , a
modifier can be described as a gene that affects the phenotype produced by another gene. In …

… Allelic differences in various genetic backgrounds affect the expression of NTD phenotypes,
… as yet unidentified polymorphic modifier genes. The modifier genes that we have implicated …

… variant as causative is complicated by the apparent multigenic nature of NTDs and by the
large number of possible candidate genes, modifier genes, epigenetic factors, and …

… evidence of significant modifier gene function during neurulation. … by one or more modifier
genes on chromosome 19. These … Strain differences have also been described for non-genetic …

… phenotype modification is the influence of genetic background due to modifier genes (Nadeau
2003a). The effects of such modifier genes and genetic background are difficult to study in …

… birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs). We have previously shown that maternal
diabetes profoundly affects gene … and (2) genes that can act as modifiers of NTD phenotypes …

… The identification of specific genetic interactions affecting neural tube closure will facilitate …
spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Here, we report a genetic interaction between Nf1, …

… This review examines some of the evidence for the importance of modifier genes in … interstitial
deletions of 2q35 and the PAX3 gene: possible digenic inheritance of a neural tube defect. …

… -driven testing of candidates genes in groups of NTDs with specific defects of folate metabolism,
… Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a common group of central nervous system anomalies …

… Occipital encephalocele by contrast is often a single gene disorder and is now considered
a “ciliopathy,” resulting from defects in genes required for primary cilium function. The genetic …