… was found in the mental representations of expert programmers… expert’s mental representation
exhibits five abstract characteristics, which are generally absent in novice representations …

… or individual experts. This study explored the differences in the initial mental representations
of real-… product development engineering students and recommended, professional experts. …

… to how experts and novices differ. We propose that an expert's mental representation exhibits
… the state of knowledge about mental representations by expert and novice programmers. …

… There are several types of mental representation, but for the purpose of this study propositions,
metaphors, and analogies were investigated. A proposition refers to the smallest unit of …

… were: the use of mental representations such as propositions, analogies, and metaphors
by experts and novice engineering designers in the different mental spaces are important in …

… ” expert mental model. A comparison of the “expert” mental model to the novices' mental
models suggested that several features were inaccurately perceived by the novices. Using …

… is to determine how mental models evolve with experience on systems. To this end, we will
examine differences between the mental models of novices and experts, and evaluate the …

… to novice learners. This study explores the effects of metaphors on both novice and expert
learners’ performance and their mental-… novices to form more accurate mental representations. …

… According to our results, order formation in mental representation structure develops in
novices practicing a complex skill. Although the results of the present study exclusively relate to …

… In the studies reviewed in this chapter, representations are sometimes embedded in the …
look at differences in the way experts and novices use various representations, both singly and …