… a key paradox: thyroid hormones control diverse cellular … For example, thyroid hormones
and their nuclear receptor … on the key action of thyroid hormones in controlling the balance …

… account for their frequent omission from dis-cussions of hormonal control of osmoregulation.
Even the well character-ized effects of thyroid hormones on Na+, K+-ATPase have been …

… Thus, the opposing effects of unoccupied and occupied TRs result in a greatly increased
amplitude of transcriptional response to T3 (32, 37). TRα1 and TRβ1 are expressed in most …

… Hence, normalization of thyroid hormone may depend on changes in deiodinase activities
… thyroid stimulation by TSH to oppose these direct inhibitory effects of leptin on the thyroid. …

… raises the possibility that thyroid hormone may act by opposing factors that inhibit the …
only a special example and not a general model of thyroid hormone action. (b) The in vivo …

… Specific thyroid hormone binding sites have … effects of thyroid hormones on cellular
metabolism, mitochondria were long considered to be their primary targets [17]. Thyroid hormone …

… processes by binding to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). … effects, and cross talks with
other signaling pathways contribute to increase the diversity and complexity of thyroid hormones …

… consists of opposing nonequilibrium reactions, catalyzed by distinct opposing enzymes that
… as examples for futile cycles that consist of two opposing reactions (19). Similarly, enzyme-…

Extranuclear or nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones do not require interaction with the
nuclear receptor, but are probably mediated by specific membrane receptors. This review will …

… produce adverse effects during development or in the adult. The effects of thyroid disruption
… in the individual using standard clinical tests of thyroid hormone levels in blood. Until very …