… fundamental: evolvability is the ability of a biological system to produce phenotypic variation
that is … , synergistic epistasis is also used to describe negative epistasis among deleterious …

… two-locus patterns; Figure S1) and assuming that the phenotype had a direct effect on fitness
we calculated their expected allele frequency trajectories over time. With these outcomes …

… We report pervasive epistasis in these genotype networks. Even though such epistasis can
… study the influence of epistasis on the evolvability of whole-organism phenotypes, we chose P…

… pervasive epistasis in which the physical and biological effects of mutations change over
the course of evolution … effects on these phenotypes, so negative epistasis in the majority of …

… of epistasis in enzyme evolution by analyzing 41 fitness landscapes generated from seven
enzymes. We show that >94% of all mutational and epistatic … changes in epistasis along …

… study epistasis to understand the genotype–phenotype map, … , although not ubiquitous, is
quite common and sometimes … of epistasis, we do not yet understand how evolution shapes …

… architecture of the genotype–phenotype map determines evolvability, but few studies have
… we use the multilinear epistatic model to study the effects of different forms of epistasis on the …

… the notions of pleiotropy and epistasis, and argue that their effect on evolvability is not captured
… With re spect to biological traits, then, pleiotropy is ubiquitous but not universal, so each …

… Epistatic interactions between mutations are pervasive in microbial … of epistasis (8–10), which
can drive convergent phenotypic … laboratory evolution experiment in S. cerevisiae (fig. S1). …

… The simplest model pictures evolution as a walk in a geometric space of n phenotypic traits.
It assumes that, within a given constant environment, a single value for each of the n traits is …